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The Impact of Vitamin D Status on COVID-19 Severity among Hospitalized Patients in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cross-section Study

Alquthami Fdiyah R*, Qadhi Alaa H, Mustafa Riham A, Ghafouri Kholoud J

Background: COVID-19 continuous spreads and causes numerous challenges for health care system. Vitamin D modulates the immune system by different mechanisms.

Objective: To examine the effect of vitamin D status of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and its influence on the severity of disease.

Subjects and methods: A retrospective multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in the Weltering region of Saudi Arabia (SA) between June and August 2020. The demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory tests included serum 25(OH)D and clinical outcome included admission for the intensive care unit (ICU), length stay on hospital, mechanical ventilation (MV) support and mortality were recorded and analysis for 197 of COVID-19.

Results: 144 (73.10%) had serum 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml, 31 (15.74%) had serum 25(OH)D ≥ 20 ng/ml and 22(11.17) had >30 ng/ml. 119 (60%) were discharge with mean serum 25(OH)D 18.98 ± 1.12 ng/ml, 56 (28%) were hospitalized with mean serum 25(OH)D 13.23 ± 0.97ng/ml and 22 (11%) were deceased with mean serum 25(OH)D 16.20 ± 2.41P=0.02. After adjusted covariance’s such as age, gender, diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD), multiple logistic regression reveals intensive care unit (ICU) admission [Odd Ratio, OR 1.25 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.41-3.88) P=0.70], mechanical ventilation (MV) support [Odd Ratio, OR 3.12 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.74 - 13.21) p=0.12] and mortality [Odd Ratio, OR 2.39 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.31- 18.11), p=0.40] weren’t significant among COVID-19 patients.

Conclusion: these data didn’t support the association between serum 25(OH) D and severity of the disease among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.